84 Science Research Writing 5. INDICATE THAT APPROPRIATE CARE WAS TAKEN Most of the items in the box below are in adverb form, but they also occur in adjective form (e.g. accurate). accurately always appropriately at least both/all carefully completely constantly correctly directly every/each exactly entirely fi rmly frequently freshly fully gently good identical immediately independently individually never only precisely randomly rapidly reliably repeatedly rigorously separately smoothly successfully suitably tightly thoroughly uniformly vigorously well Here are some examples of how these are used: • A mechanical fi xture was employed to hold the sonic horn fi rmly in place. • Aft er being removed, the mouse lungs were frozen and thawed at least three times. • Th e specimen was monitored constantly for a period af 24 hours. • Th ey were then placed on ice for immediate FACS analysis. • Frequent transducer readings were taken to update the stress conditions smoothly. • Th e samples were slowly and carefully sheared to failure. 6. RELATE MATERIALS/METHODS TO OTHER STUDIES Th ere are three ways in which you might want to relate your materials/ methods to those used in other studies. Option 1: Th e procedure/material you used is exactly the same as the one you cite.
Methodology — Vocabulary 85 Option 3: Th e procedure/material you used is signifi cantly diff erent from the one you cite. *by and of are usually followed by the name of the researcher or research team (by Ross or using the method of Ross et al.) and in is usually followed by the work (in Ross et al. (2003)). Another option is simply to give the research reference at the appropriate place in the sentence, either in brackets or using a superscript number. Option 2: Th e procedure/material you used is similar to the one you cite. according to as described by/in* as explained by/in as in as proposed by/in as reported by/in as reported previously as suggested by/in can be found in details are given in given by/in identical to in accordance with the same as that of/in using the method of/in a (modifi ed) version of adapted from based in part/partly on based on essentially identical in line with in principle in essence more or less identical slightly modifi ed (very) similar almost the same essentially the same largely the same practically the same virtually the same with some adjustments with some alterations with some changes with some modifi cations (to) adapt (to) adjust (to) alter (to) change (to) modify (to) refi ne (to) revise (to) vary a novel step was... adapted from* based on* in line with although in many ways similar although in some ways similar although in essence similar (to) adapt* (to) adjust* (to) alter* (to) change*