Chapter 6)~ has occurred previously. It is less obvious, but equally true, , that the word them has no cohesive force either unless there is some explicit referent for it within reach. In both instances, the cohesion lies. in the rela- tion that is set up between the two. Like other semantic relations, cohesion is expressed through the strata! organization of language. Language can be explained as a multiple coding system comprising three levd~ of coding. or • strata~: the semantic (mean- ings), the lexicogrammatical (forms) and the phonologkal and ortho- graphic (expression>). Meanings are realized (eoded) as forms, and forms are realized in turn (recoded) as expressions. To put this in ev~day ter- minology, meaning is put into wording. and wording into sound or writing: meaning ~ ~unding '/writing (the semantic system) (the lexicogrammatical system, grammar and vocabulary) (the phonological and orthographic systems) The popular term 'wording' refers to lexicogrammatical form, the choice of words and grammatical structures. Within this stratum, there is no hard-and-fast division between vocabulary and grammar; the guiding principle in language is that the more general meanings are expressed through the grammar, and the more specific meaning<J: through the vocab- ulary. Cohesive relations fit into the same overall pattern. Cohesion is expr=ed partly through the gr:urunor and partly theough the vocabulary.
6 INTRODUCTION We can refer therefore to GRAMMATICAL COHESION and LEXICAL COHESION. In example {1:3]. one of the ties was grammatical(reference, expressed by the), the other lexical (reiteration., expressed by 4pple.s). The: types of cohesi.on dealt with in Chapters 2-4 (reference, substitution and ellipsis} are grammatical; that in Chapter 6 is lexical. That dealt with in